Network Working Group C. Krupczak
Request for Comments: 2287 Empire Technologies, Inc.
Category: Standards Track J. Saperia
BGS Systems Inc.
February 1998
Definitions of System-Level Managed Objects for Applications
Status of this Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998). All Rights Reserved.
Table of Contents
1 Abstract .............................................. 2
2 The SNMPv2 Network Management Framework ............... 2
2.1 Object Definitions .................................. 2
3 Overview .............................................. 3
4 Architecture for Application Management ............... 3
5 The Structure of the MIB .............................. 4
5.1 System Application Installed Group .................. 5
5.2 System Application Run Group ........................ 5
5.2.1 sysApplRunTable and sysApplPastRunTable ........... 5
5.2.2 sysApplElmtRunTable and sysApplElmtPastRunTable
.................................................... 6
5.3 System Application Map Group ........................ 7
6 Definitions ........................................... 7
7 Implementation Issues ................................. 40
7.1 Implementation with Polling Agents .................. 40
7.2 sysApplElmtPastRunTable Entry Collisions ............ 40
8 Security Considerations ............................... 41
9 Acknowledgements ...................................... 42
10 Author's Address ..................................... 42
11 References ........................................... 42
12 Full Copyright Statement ............................. 44
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
1. Abstract
This memo defines a portion of the Management Information Base (MIB)
for use with network management protocols in the Internet community.
In particular, it describes a basic set of managed objects for fault,
configuration and performance management of applications from a
systems perspective. More specifically, the managed objects are
restricted to information that can be determined from the system
itself and which does not require special instrumentation within the
applications to make the information available.
This memo does not specify a standard for the Internet community.
2. The SNMPv2 Network Management Framework
The SNMPv2 Network Management Framework consists of the following
major components:
o RFC 1902 Structure of Management Information for Version
2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2) [2]
o RFC 1903 Textual Conventions for Version 2 of the Simple
Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2) [3]
o RFC 1904 Conformance Statements for Version 2 of the
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2) [4]
o RFC 1905 Protocol Operations for Version 2 of the Simple
Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2) [5]
o RFC 1906 Transport Mappings for Version 2 of the Simple
Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2) [6]
o RFC 1907 Management Information Base for Version 2 of the
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2) [7]
o RFC 1908 Coexistence between Version 1 and Version 2 of
the Internet-standard Network Management Framework [8]
The Framework permits new objects to be defined for the purpose of
experimentation and evaluation.
2.1. Object Definitions
Managed objects are accessed via a virtual information store, termed
the Management Information Base or MIB. Objects in the MIB are
defined using the subset of Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) [1],
defined in the Structure of Management Information (SMI) (See RFC
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
1902 [2]). In particular, each object type is named by an OBJECT
IDENTIFIER, an administratively assigned name. The object type
together with an object instance serves to uniquely identify a
specific instantiation of the object. For human convenience, we often
use a textual string, termed the object descriptor, to refer to the
object type.
3. Overview
The primary purpose of computing technologies is the execution of
application software. These applications, typically specialized
collections of executables, files, and interprocess communications,
exist to solve business, scientific or other "problems". The
configuration, fault detection, performance monitoring and control of
application software across its life on a host computer is of great
economic importance. For the purposes of our work, we define
applications as one or more units of executable code and other
resources, installed on a single host system that a manager may think
of as a single object for management purposes.
The information described by the objects in the System Application
MIB support configuration, fault, and performance management; they
represent some of the basic attributes of application software from a
systems (non-application specific) perspective. The information
allows for the description of applications as collections of
executables and files installed and executing on a host computer.
This memo is concerned primarily with, and defines a model for,
application information resident on a host computer which can be
determined from the system itself, and not from the individual
applications. This system-level view of applications is designed to
provide information about software applications installed and running
on the host system without requiring modifications and code additions
to the applications themselves. This approach was taken to insure
ease and speed of implementation, while allowing room for future
growth.
4. Architecture for Application Management
In the area of application management it is fully acknowledged and
even expected that additional MIB modules will be defined over time
to provide an even greater level of detail regarding applications.
This MIB module presents the most general case: a set of management
objects for providing generic information about applications and
whose object values can be determined from the computer system itself
without requiring instrumentation within the application.
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 3]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
A finer-grained level of detail is planned for the future "appl MIB"
which will be a common set of management objects relating to generic
applications, but which require some type of instrumentation in the
application in order to be determined. Since the applmib MIB module
will provide a finer level of detail, any connection to the sysAppl
MIB should be made by having references from the more detailed appl
MIB back to the more generic sysAppl MIB. Likewise, as application-
specific MIB modules such as the WWW MIB, etc., are developed over
time, these more specific MIBs should reference back to the more
generic MIBs.
While this MIB module does not attempt to provide every detailed
piece of information for managing applications, it does provide a
basic systems-level view of the applications and their components on
a single host system.
5. The Structure of the MIB
The System Application MIB structure models application packages as a
whole, and also models the individual elements (files and
executables) which collectively form an application. The MIB is
structured to model information regarding installed application
packages and the elements which make up each application package. The
MIB also models activity information on applications (and in turn,
their components) that are running or have previously run on the host
system. In modeling applications and their elements, this MIB module
provides the necessary link for associating executing processes with
the applications of which they are a part.
The objects are arranged into the following groups:
- System Application Installed Group
- sysApplInstallPkgTable
- sysApplInstallElmtTable
- System Application Run Group
- sysApplRunTable
- sysApplPastRunTable
- sysApplElmtRunTable
- sysApplElmtPastRunTable
- (scalars for restricting table sizes)
- System Application Map Group
- sysApplMapTable
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 4]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
As can be seen by the arrangement above, for each category, the MIB
first treats an application package as a whole, and then breaks down
the package to provide information about each of the elements
(executable and non-executable files) of the package.
5.1. System Application Installed Group
The System Application Installed group consists of two tables.
Through these two tables, administrators will be able to determine
which applications have been installed on a system and what their
constituent components are. The first table, the
sysApplInstallPkgTable, lists the application packages installed on a
particular host. The second, the sysApplInstallElmtTable, provides
information regarding the executables and non-executable files, or
elements, which collectively compose an application.
NOTE: This MIB is intended to work with applications that have been
installed on a particular host, where "installed" means that the
existence of the application and the association between an
application and its component files can be discovered without
requiring additional instrumentation of the application itself. This
may require that certain conventions be used, such as using a central
software installation mechanism or registry, when installing
application packages. For example, many UNIX systems utilize a
"pkgadd" utility to track installed application packages, while many
PC systems utilize a global registry.
5.2. System Application Run Group
This group models activity information for applications that have
been invoked and are either currently running, or have previously
run, on the host system. Likewise, the individual elements of an
invoked application are also modeled to show currently running
processes, and processes that have run in the past. This information
is modeled using two pairs of tables: a pair of tables for currently
running applications and past run applications, and a pair of tables
for the currently running elements and the past run elements. Seven
scalars are also defined to control the size of the past run tables.
5.2.1. sysApplRunTable and sysApplPastRunTable
The sysApplRunTable and the sysApplPastRunTable make up the first
pair of tables. The sysApplRunTable contains the application
instances which are currently running on the host. Each time an
application is invoked, a new entry is created in the sysApplRunTable
to provide information about that particular invocation of the
application. An entry will remain in this table until the
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 5]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
application instance terminates, at which time the entry will be
deleted from the sysApplRunTable and placed in the
sysApplPastRunTable.
The sysApplPastRunTable maintains a history of instances of
applications which have previously executed on the host. Entries to
this table are made when an invoked application from the
sysApplRunTable terminates; the table entry which represents the
application instance is removed from the SysApplRunTable and a
corresponding entry is added to the sysApplPastRunTable.
Because the sysApplPastRunTable will continuously grow as
applications are executed and terminate, two scalars are defined to
control the aging-out of table entries. The value of
sysApplPastRunMaxRows specifies the maximum number of entries the
table may contain, while the sysApplPastRunTblTimeLimit specifies the
maximum age of the table entries. Oldest entries are removed first.
It is important to note that the sysApplRunTable and
sysApplPastRunTable contain entries for each INVOCATION of an
application. A single application package might be invoked multiple
times; each invocation is properly recorded by a separate entry in
the sysApplRunTable.
In order to implement this group, the agent must be able to recognize
that an application has been invoked, and be able to determine when
that invocation terminates. This poses a complex problem since a
single application invocation may involve numerous processes, some of
which may be required to remain running throughout the duration of
the application, others which might come and go. The
sysApplInstallElmtRole columnar object in the sysApplInstallElmtTable
is meant to assist in this task by indicating which element is the
application's primary executable, which elements must be running in
order for the application to be running, which elements are dependent
on required elements, etc. See the description of
sysApplInstallElmtRole for more details.
5.2.2. sysApplElmtRunTable and sysApplElmtPastRunTable
While the sysApplRunTable and sysApplPastRunTable focus on
applications as a whole, the sysApplElmtRunTable and
sysApplElmtPastRunTable provide information regarding an
application's executable elements, (processes), which are either
currently executing or have executed in the past.
The sysApplElmtRunTable contains an entry for every process currently
running on the host. An entry is created in this table for each
process at the time it is started, and will remain in the table until
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 6]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
the process terminates. Note that in order to provide complete
information on the load on the system, this table lists EVERY running
process, not just those processes that are running as part of an
identified application. However, when processes terminate, only
information from entries corresponding to elements of an identified
application are moved to the sysApplElmtPastRunTable.
The sysApplElmtPastRunTable maintains a history of processes which
have previously executed on the host as part of an application. When
a process from the sysApplElmtRunTable terminates, the entry's
information is moved to this sysApplElmtPastRunTable provided that
the process was part of an identified application. If the process
cannot be associated with any 'parent' application, then it is simply
removed from the sysApplElmtRunTable. This allows for processes like
'ps' or 'grep' to show up in the sysApplElmtRunTable, (where they are
consuming resources and are thus "interesting"), but not in the
sysApplElmtPastRunTable.
Because the sysApplElmtPastRunTable will continuously grow as
processes are executed and terminate, two scalars are defined to
control the aging-out of table entries. The value of
sysApplElmtPastRunMaxRows specifies the maximum number of entries the
table may contain, while the sysApplElmtPastRunTblTimeLimit specifies
the maximum age of the table entries. Oldest entries are removed
first.
5.3. System Application Map Group
The System Application Map group contains a single table, the
sysApplMapTable, whose sole purpose is to provide a backwards mapping
for determining the invoked application, installed element, and
installed application package given a known process identification
number.
6. Definitions
SYSAPPL-MIB DEFINITIONS ::= BEGIN
IMPORTS
MODULE-IDENTITY, OBJECT-TYPE,
Unsigned32, TimeTicks, Counter32, Gauge32
FROM SNMPv2-SMI
DateAndTime, TEXTUAL-CONVENTION
FROM SNMPv2-TC
MODULE-COMPLIANCE, OBJECT-GROUP
FROM SNMPv2-CONF
mib-2 FROM SNMPv2-SMI;
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 7]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
-- System Application MIB
sysApplMIB MODULE-IDENTITY
LAST-UPDATED "9710200000Z"
ORGANIZATION "IETF Applications MIB Working Group"
CONTACT-INFO
"Cheryl Krupczak (Editor, WG Advisor)
Postal: Empire Technologies, Inc.
541 Tenth Street NW
Suite 169
Atlanta, GA 30318
USA
Phone: (770) 384-0184
Email: cheryl@empiretech.com
Jon Saperia (WG Chair)
Postal: BGS Systems, Inc.
One First Avenue
Waltham, MA 02254-9111
USA
Phone: (617) 891-0000
Email: saperia@networks.bgs.com"
DESCRIPTION
"The MIB module defines management objects that model
applications as collections of executables and files
installed and executing on a host system. The MIB
presents a system-level view of applications; i.e.,
objects in this MIB are limited to those attributes
that can typically be obtained from the system itself
without adding special instrumentation to the applications."
::= { mib-2 54 }
sysApplOBJ OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { sysApplMIB 1 }
sysApplInstalled OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { sysApplOBJ 1 }
sysApplRun OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { sysApplOBJ 2 }
sysApplMap OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { sysApplOBJ 3 }
sysApplNotifications OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { sysApplMIB 2 }
sysApplConformance OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { sysApplMIB 3 }
-- Textual Conventions
RunState ::= TEXTUAL-CONVENTION
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"This TC describes the current execution state of
a running application or process. The possible
values are:
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 8]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
running(1),
runnable(2), - waiting for a resource (CPU, etc.)
waiting(3), - waiting for an event
exiting(4),
other(5) - other invalid state"
SYNTAX INTEGER {
running (1),
runnable (2), -- waiting for resource (CPU, etc.)
waiting (3), -- waiting for event
exiting (4),
other (5) -- other invalid state
}
LongUtf8String ::= TEXTUAL-CONVENTION
DISPLAY-HINT "1024a"
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"To facilitate internationalization, this TC
represents information taken from the ISO/IEC IS
10646-1 character set, encoded as an octet string
using the UTF-8 character encoding scheme described
in RFC 2044 [10]. For strings in 7-bit US-ASCII,
there is no impact since the UTF-8 representation
is identical to the US-ASCII encoding."
SYNTAX OCTET STRING (SIZE (0..1024))
Utf8String ::= TEXTUAL-CONVENTION
DISPLAY-HINT "255a"
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"To facilitate internationalization, this TC
represents information taken from the ISO/IEC IS
10646-1 character set, encoded as an octet string
using the UTF-8 character encoding scheme described
in RFC 2044 [10]. For strings in 7-bit US-ASCII,
there is no impact since the UTF-8 representation
is identical to the US-ASCII encoding."
SYNTAX OCTET STRING (SIZE (0..255))
-- sysApplInstalled Group
-- This group provides information about application packages
-- that have been installed on the host computer. The group
-- contains two tables. The first, the sysApplInstallPkgTable,
-- describes the application packages, the second, the
-- sysApplInstallElmtTable, describes the constituent elements
-- (files and executables) which compose an application package.
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 9]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
--
-- In order to appear in this group, an application and its
-- component files must be discoverable by the system itself,
-- possibly through some type of software installation mechanism
-- or registry.
-- sysApplInstallPkgTable
-- The system installed application packages table provides
-- information on the software packages installed on a system.
-- These packages may consist of many different files including
-- executable and non-executable files.
sysApplInstallPkgTable OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF SysApplInstallPkgEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The table listing the software application packages
installed on a host computer. In order to appear in
this table, it may be necessary for the application
to be installed using some type of software
installation mechanism or global registry so that its
existence can be detected by the agent implementation."
::= { sysApplInstalled 1 }
sysApplInstallPkgEntry OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SysApplInstallPkgEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The logical row describing an installed application
package."
INDEX { sysApplInstallPkgIndex }
::= { sysApplInstallPkgTable 1 }
SysApplInstallPkgEntry ::= SEQUENCE {
sysApplInstallPkgIndex Unsigned32,
sysApplInstallPkgManufacturer Utf8String,
sysApplInstallPkgProductName Utf8String,
sysApplInstallPkgVersion Utf8String,
sysApplInstallPkgSerialNumber Utf8String,
sysApplInstallPkgDate DateAndTime,
sysApplInstallPkgLocation LongUtf8String
}
sysApplInstallPkgIndex OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32 (1..'ffffffff'h)
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 10]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"An integer used only for indexing purposes.
Generally monotonically increasing from 1 as new
applications are installed.
The value for each installed application must
remain constant at least from one re-initialization of
the network management entity which implements this
MIB module to the next re-initialization.
The specific value is meaningful only within a given SNMP
entity. A sysApplInstallPkgIndex value must not be re-used
until the next agent entity restart in the event the
installed application entry is deleted."
::= { sysApplInstallPkgEntry 1 }
sysApplInstallPkgManufacturer OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Utf8String
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The Manufacturer of the software application package."
::= { sysApplInstallPkgEntry 2 }
sysApplInstallPkgProductName OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Utf8String
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The name assigned to the software application package
by the Manufacturer."
::= { sysApplInstallPkgEntry 3 }
sysApplInstallPkgVersion OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Utf8String
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The version number assigned to the application package
by the manufacturer of the software."
::= { sysApplInstallPkgEntry 4 }
sysApplInstallPkgSerialNumber OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Utf8String
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 11]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
DESCRIPTION
"The serial number of the software assigned by the
manufacturer."
::= { sysApplInstallPkgEntry 5 }
sysApplInstallPkgDate OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX DateAndTime
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The date and time this software application was installed
on the host."
::= { sysApplInstallPkgEntry 6 }
sysApplInstallPkgLocation OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX LongUtf8String
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The complete path name where the application package
is installed. For example, the value would be
'/opt/MyapplDir' if the application package was installed
in the /opt/MyapplDir directory."
::= { sysApplInstallPkgEntry 7 }
-- sysApplInstallElmtTable
-- The table describing the individual application package
-- elements (files and executables) installed on the host computer.
sysApplInstallElmtTable OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF SysApplInstallElmtEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"This table details the individual application package
elements (files and executables) which comprise the
applications defined in the sysApplInstallPkg Table.
Each entry in this table has an index to the
sysApplInstallPkg table to identify the application
package of which it is a part. As a result, there may
be many entries in this table for each instance in the
sysApplInstallPkg Table.
Table entries are indexed by sysApplInstallPkgIndex,
sysApplInstallElmtIndex to facilitate retrieval of
all elements associated with a particular installed
application package."
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 12]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
::= { sysApplInstalled 2 }
sysApplInstallElmtEntry OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SysApplInstallElmtEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The logical row describing an element of an installed
application. The element may be an executable or
non-executable file."
INDEX {sysApplInstallPkgIndex, sysApplInstallElmtIndex}
::= { sysApplInstallElmtTable 1 }
SysApplInstallElmtEntry ::= SEQUENCE {
sysApplInstallElmtIndex Unsigned32,
sysApplInstallElmtName Utf8String,
sysApplInstallElmtType INTEGER,
sysApplInstallElmtDate DateAndTime,
sysApplInstallElmtPath LongUtf8String,
sysApplInstallElmtSizeHigh Unsigned32,
sysApplInstallElmtSizeLow Unsigned32,
sysApplInstallElmtRole BITS,
sysApplInstallElmtModifyDate DateAndTime,
sysApplInstallElmtCurSizeHigh Unsigned32,
sysApplInstallElmtCurSizeLow Unsigned32
}
sysApplInstallElmtIndex OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32 (1..'ffffffff'h)
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"An arbitrary integer used for indexing. The value
of this index is unique among all rows in this table
that exist or have existed since the last agent restart."
::= { sysApplInstallElmtEntry 1 }
sysApplInstallElmtName OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Utf8String
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The name of this element which is contained in the
application."
::= { sysApplInstallElmtEntry 2 }
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 13]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
sysApplInstallElmtType OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX INTEGER {
unknown(1),
nonexecutable(2),
operatingSystem(3), -- executable
deviceDriver(4), -- executable
application(5) -- executable
}
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The type of element that is part of the installed
application."
::= { sysApplInstallElmtEntry 3 }
sysApplInstallElmtDate OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX DateAndTime
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The date and time that this component was installed on
the system."
::= { sysApplInstallElmtEntry 4 }
sysApplInstallElmtPath OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX LongUtf8String
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The full directory path where this element is installed.
For example, the value would be '/opt/EMPuma/bin' for an
element installed in the directory '/opt/EMPuma/bin'.
Most application packages include information about the
elements contained in the package. In addition, elements
are typically installed in sub-directories under the
package installation directory. In cases where the
element path names are not included in the package
information itself, the path can usually be determined
by a simple search of the sub-directories. If the
element is not installed in that location and there is
no other information available to the agent implementation,
then the path is unknown and null is returned."
::= { sysApplInstallElmtEntry 5}
sysApplInstallElmtSizeHigh OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 14]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
DESCRIPTION
"The installed file size in 2^32 byte blocks. This is
the size of the file on disk immediately after installation.
For example, for a file with a total size of 4,294,967,296
bytes, this variable would have a value of 1; for a file
with a total size of 4,294,967,295 bytes this variable
would be 0."
::= { sysApplInstallElmtEntry 6 }
sysApplInstallElmtSizeLow OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The installed file size modulo 2^32 bytes. This is
the size of the file on disk immediately after installation.
For example, for a file with a total size of 4,294,967,296
bytes this variable would have a value of 0; for a file with
a total size of 4,294,967,295 bytes this variable would be
4,294,967,295."
::= { sysApplInstallElmtEntry 7 }
sysApplInstallElmtRole OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX BITS {
executable(0),
-- An application may have one or
-- more executable elements. The rest of the
-- bits have no meaning if the element is not
-- executable.
exclusive(1),
-- Only one copy of an exclusive element may be
-- running per invocation of the running
-- application.
primary(2),
-- The primary executable. An application can
-- have one, and only one element that is designated
-- as the primary executable. The execution of
-- this element constitutes an invocation of
-- the application. This is used by the agent
-- implementation to determine the initiation of
-- an application. The primary executable must
-- remain running long enough for the agent
-- implementation to detect its presence.
required(3),
-- An application may have zero or more required
-- elements. All required elements must be running
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 15]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
-- in order for the application to be judged to be
-- running and healthy.
dependent(4),
-- An application may have zero or more
-- dependent elements. Dependent elements may
-- not be running unless required elements are.
unknown(5)
-- Default value for the case when an operator
-- has not yet assigned one of the other values.
-- When set, bits 1, 2, 3, and 4 have no meaning.
}
MAX-ACCESS read-write
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"An operator assigned value used in the determination of
application status. This value is used by the agent to
determine both the mapping of started processes to the
initiation of an application, as well as to allow for a
determination of application health. The default value,
unknown(5), is used when an operator has not yet assigned
one of the other values. If unknown(5) is set, bits
1 - 4 have no meaning. The possible values are:
executable(0),
An application may have one or
more executable elements. The rest of the
bits have no meaning if the element is not
executable.
exclusive(1),
Only one copy of an exclusive element may be
running per invocation of the running
application.
primary(2),
The primary executable. An application can
have one, and only one element that is designated
as the primary executable. The execution of
this element constitutes an invocation of
the application. This is used by the agent
implementation to determine the initiation of
an application. The primary executable must
remain running long enough for the agent
implementation to detect its presence.
required(3),
An application may have zero or more required
elements. All required elements must be running
in order for the application to be judged to be
running and healthy.
dependent(4),
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 16]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
An application may have zero or more
dependent elements. Dependent elements may
not be running unless required elements are.
unknown(5)
Default value for the case when an operator
has not yet assigned one of the other values.
When set, bits 1, 2, 3, and 4 have no meaning.
sysApplInstallElmtRole is used by the agent implementation
in determining the initiation of an application, the
current state of a running application (see
sysApplRunCurrentState), when an application invocation is
no longer running, and the exit status of a terminated
application invocation (see sysApplPastRunExitState)."
DEFVAL { { unknown } }
::= { sysApplInstallElmtEntry 8 }
sysApplInstallElmtModifyDate OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX DateAndTime
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The date and time that this element was last modified.
Modification of the sysApplInstallElmtRole columnar
object does NOT constitute a modification of the element
itself and should not affect the value of this object."
::= { sysApplInstallElmtEntry 9 }
sysApplInstallElmtCurSizeHigh OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The current file size in 2^32 byte blocks.
For example, for a file with a total size of 4,294,967,296
bytes, this variable would have a value of 1; for a file
with a total size of 4,294,967,295 bytes this variable
would be 0."
::= { sysApplInstallElmtEntry 10 }
sysApplInstallElmtCurSizeLow OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The current file size modulo 2^32 bytes.
For example, for a file with a total size of 4,294,967,296
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 17]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
bytes this variable would have a value of 0; for a file with
a total size of 4,294,967,295 bytes this variable would be
4,294,967,295."
::= { sysApplInstallElmtEntry 11 }
-- sysApplRun Group
-- This group models activity information for applications
-- that have been invoked and are either currently running,
-- or have previously run on the host system. Likewise,
-- the individual elements of an invoked application are
-- also modeled to show currently running processes, and
-- processes that have run in the past.
-- sysApplRunTable
-- The sysApplRunTable contains the application instances
-- which are currently running on the host. Since a single
-- application might be invoked multiple times, an entry is
-- added to this table for each INVOCATION of an application.
-- The table is indexed by sysApplInstallPkgIndex, sysApplRunIndex
-- to enable managers to easily locate all invocations of
-- a particular application package.
sysApplRunTable OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF SysApplRunEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The table describes the applications which are executing
on the host. Each time an application is invoked,
an entry is created in this table. When an application ends,
the entry is removed from this table and a corresponding
entry is created in the SysApplPastRunTable.
A new entry is created in this table whenever the agent
implementation detects a new running process that is an
installed application element whose sysApplInstallElmtRole
designates it as being the application's primary executable
(sysApplInstallElmtRole = primary(2) ).
The table is indexed by sysApplInstallPkgIndex,
sysApplRunIndex to enable managers to easily locate all
invocations of a particular application package."
::= { sysApplRun 1 }
sysApplRunEntry OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SysApplRunEntry
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 18]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The logical row describing an application which is
currently running on this host."
INDEX { sysApplInstallPkgIndex, sysApplRunIndex }
::= { sysApplRunTable 1 }
SysApplRunEntry ::= SEQUENCE {
sysApplRunIndex Unsigned32,
sysApplRunStarted DateAndTime,
sysApplRunCurrentState RunState
}
sysApplRunIndex OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32 (1..'ffffffff'h)
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Part of the index for this table. An arbitrary
integer used only for indexing purposes. Generally
monotonically increasing from 1 as new applications are
started on the host, it uniquely identifies application
invocations.
The numbering for this index increases by 1 for each
INVOCATION of an application, regardless of which
installed application package this entry represents a
running instance of.
An example of the indexing for a couple of entries is
shown below.
:
sysApplRunStarted.17.14
sysApplRunStarted.17.63
sysApplRunStarted.18.13
:
In this example, the agent has observed 12 application
invocations when the application represented by entry 18
in the sysApplInstallPkgTable is invoked. The next
invocation detected by the agent is an invocation of
installed application package 17. Some time later,
installed application 17 is invoked a second time.
NOTE: this index is not intended to reflect a real-time
(wall clock time) ordering of application invocations;
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 19]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
it is merely intended to uniquely identify running
instances of applications. Although the
sysApplInstallPkgIndex is included in the INDEX clause
for this table, it serves only to ease searching of
this table by installed application and does not
contribute to uniquely identifying table entries."
::= { sysApplRunEntry 1 }
sysApplRunStarted OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX DateAndTime
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The date and time that the application was started."
::= { sysApplRunEntry 2 }
sysApplRunCurrentState OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX RunState
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The current state of the running application instance.
The possible values are running(1), runnable(2) but waiting
for a resource such as CPU, waiting(3) for an event,
exiting(4), or other(5). This value is based on an evaluation
of the running elements of this application instance (see
sysApplElmRunState) and their Roles as defined by
sysApplInstallElmtRole. An agent implementation may
detect that an application instance is in the process of
exiting if one or more of its REQUIRED elements are no
longer running. Most agent implementations will wait until
a second internal poll has been completed to give the
system time to start REQUIRED elements before marking the
application instance as exiting."
::= { sysApplRunEntry 3 }
-- sysApplPastRunTable
-- The sysApplPastRunTable provides a history of applications
-- previously run on the host computer. Entries are removed from
-- the sysApplRunTable and corresponding entries are added to this
-- table when an application becomes inactive. Entries remain in
-- this table until they are aged out when either the table size
-- reaches a maximum as determined by the sysApplPastRunMaxRows,
-- or when an entry has aged to exceed a time limit as set be
-- sysApplPastRunTblTimeLimit.
--
-- When aging out entries, the oldest entry, as determined by
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 20]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
-- the value of sysApplPastRunTimeEnded, will be removed first.
sysApplPastRunTable OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF SysApplPastRunEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"A history of the applications that have previously run
on the host computer. An entry's information is moved to
this table from the sysApplRunTable when the invoked
application represented by the entry ceases to be running.
An agent implementation can determine that an application
invocation is no longer running by evaluating the running
elements of the application instance and their Roles as
defined by sysApplInstallElmtRole. Obviously, if there
are no running elements for the application instance,
then the application invocation is no longer running.
If any one of the REQUIRED elements is not running,
the application instance may be in the process of exiting.
Most agent implementations will wait until a second internal
poll has been completed to give the system time to either
restart partial failures or to give all elements time to
exit. If, after the second poll, there are REQUIRED
elements that are not running, then the application
instance may be considered by the agent implementation
to no longer be running.
Entries remain in the sysApplPastRunTable until they
are aged out when either the table size reaches a maximum
as determined by the sysApplPastRunMaxRows, or when an entry
has aged to exceed a time limit as set by
sysApplPastRunTblTimeLimit.
Entries in this table are indexed by sysApplInstallPkgIndex,
sysApplPastRunIndex to facilitate retrieval of all past
run invocations of a particular installed application."
::= { sysApplRun 2 }
sysApplPastRunEntry OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SysApplPastRunEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The logical row describing an invocation of an application
which was previously run and has terminated. The entry
is basically copied from the sysApplRunTable when the
application instance terminates. Hence, the entry's
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 21]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
value for sysApplPastRunIndex is the same as its value was
for sysApplRunIndex."
INDEX { sysApplInstallPkgIndex, sysApplPastRunIndex }
::= { sysApplPastRunTable 1 }
SysApplPastRunEntry ::= SEQUENCE {
sysApplPastRunIndex Unsigned32,
sysApplPastRunStarted DateAndTime,
sysApplPastRunExitState INTEGER,
sysApplPastRunTimeEnded DateAndTime
}
sysApplPastRunIndex OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32 (1..'ffffffff'h)
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Part of the index for this table. An integer
matching the value of the removed sysApplRunIndex
corresponding to this row."
::= { sysApplPastRunEntry 1 }
sysApplPastRunStarted OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX DateAndTime
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The date and time that the application was started."
::= { sysApplPastRunEntry 2 }
sysApplPastRunExitState OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX INTEGER {
complete (1), -- normal exit at sysApplRunTimeEnded
failed (2), -- abnormal exit
other (3)
}
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The state of the application instance when it terminated.
This value is based on an evaluation of the running elements
of an application and their Roles as defined by
sysApplInstallElmtRole. An application instance is said to
have exited in a COMPLETE state and its entry is removed
from the sysApplRunTable and added to the sysApplPastRunTable
when the agent detects that ALL elements of an application
invocation are no longer running. Most agent implementations
will wait until a second internal poll has been completed to
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 22]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
give the system time to either restart partial failures or
to give all elements time to exit. A failed state occurs if,
after the second poll, any elements continue to run but
one or more of the REQUIRED elements are no longer running.
All other combinations MUST be defined as OTHER."
::= { sysApplPastRunEntry 3 }
sysApplPastRunTimeEnded OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX DateAndTime
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The DateAndTime the application instance was determined
to be no longer running."
::= { sysApplPastRunEntry 4 }
-- sysApplElmtRunTable
-- The sysApplElmtRunTable contains an entry for each process that
-- is currently running on the host. An entry is created in
-- this table for each process at the time it is started, and will
-- remain in the table until the process terminates.
--
-- The table is indexed by sysApplElmtRunInstallPkg,
-- sysApplElmtRunInvocID, and sysApplElmtRunIndex to make it easy
-- to locate all running elements of a particular invoked application
-- which has been installed on the system.
sysApplElmtRunTable OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF SysApplElmtRunEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The table describes the processes which are
currently executing on the host system. Each entry
represents a running process and is associated with
the invoked application of which that process is a part, if
possible. This table contains an entry for every process
currently running on the system, regardless of whether its
'parent' application can be determined. So, for example,
processes like 'ps' and 'grep' will have entries though they
are not associated with an installed application package.
Because a running application may involve
more than one executable, it is possible to have
multiple entries in this table for each application.
Entries are removed from this table when the process
terminates.
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 23]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
The table is indexed by sysApplElmtRunInstallPkg,
sysApplElmtRunInvocID, and sysApplElmtRunIndex to
facilitate the retrieval of all running elements of a
particular invoked application which has been installed on
the system."
::= { sysApplRun 3 }
sysApplElmtRunEntry OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SysApplElmtRunEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The logical row describing a process currently
running on this host. When possible, the entry is
associated with the invoked application of which it
is a part."
INDEX { sysApplElmtRunInstallPkg, sysApplElmtRunInvocID,
sysApplElmtRunIndex }
::= { sysApplElmtRunTable 1 }
SysApplElmtRunEntry ::= SEQUENCE {
sysApplElmtRunInstallPkg Unsigned32,
sysApplElmtRunInvocID Unsigned32,
sysApplElmtRunIndex Unsigned32,
sysApplElmtRunInstallID Unsigned32,
sysApplElmtRunTimeStarted DateAndTime,
sysApplElmtRunState RunState,
sysApplElmtRunName LongUtf8String,
sysApplElmtRunParameters Utf8String,
sysApplElmtRunCPU TimeTicks,
sysApplElmtRunMemory Gauge32,
sysApplElmtRunNumFiles Gauge32,
sysApplElmtRunUser Utf8String
}
sysApplElmtRunInstallPkg OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32 (0..'ffffffff'h)
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Part of the index for this table, this value
identifies the installed software package for
the application of which this process is a part.
Provided that the process's 'parent' application can be
determined, the value of this object is the same
value as the sysApplInstallPkgIndex for the
entry in the sysApplInstallPkgTable that corresponds
to the installed application of which this process
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 24]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
is a part.
If, however, the 'parent' application cannot be
determined, (for example the process is not part
of a particular installed application), the value
for this object is then '0', signifying that this
process cannot be related back to an application,
and in turn, an installed software package."
::= { sysApplElmtRunEntry 1 }
sysApplElmtRunInvocID OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32 (0..'ffffffff'h)
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Part of the index for this table, this value
identifies the invocation of an application of which
this process is a part. Provided that the 'parent'
application can be determined, the value of this object
is the same value as the sysApplRunIndex for the
corresponding application invocation in the
sysApplRunTable.
If, however, the 'parent' application cannot be
determined, the value for this object is then '0',
signifying that this process cannot be related back
to an invocation of an application in the
sysApplRunTable."
::= { sysApplElmtRunEntry 2 }
sysApplElmtRunIndex OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32 (0..'ffffffff'h)
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Part of the index for this table. A unique value
for each process running on the host. Wherever
possible, this should be the system's native, unique
identification number."
::= { sysApplElmtRunEntry 3 }
sysApplElmtRunInstallID OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32 (0..'ffffffff'h)
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The index into the sysApplInstallElmtTable. The
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 25]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
value of this object is the same value as the
sysApplInstallElmtIndex for the application element
of which this entry represents a running instance.
If this process cannot be associated with an installed
executable, the value should be '0'."
::= { sysApplElmtRunEntry 4 }
sysApplElmtRunTimeStarted OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX DateAndTime
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The time the process was started."
::= { sysApplElmtRunEntry 5 }
sysApplElmtRunState OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX RunState
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The current state of the running process. The
possible values are running(1), runnable(2) but waiting
for a resource such as CPU, waiting(3) for an event,
exiting(4), or other(5)."
::= { sysApplElmtRunEntry 6 }
sysApplElmtRunName OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX LongUtf8String
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The full path and filename of the process.
For example, '/opt/MYYpkg/bin/myyproc' would
be returned for process 'myyproc' whose execution
path is '/opt/MYYpkg/bin/myyproc'."
::= { sysApplElmtRunEntry 7 }
sysApplElmtRunParameters OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Utf8String
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The starting parameters for the process."
::= { sysApplElmtRunEntry 8 }
sysApplElmtRunCPU OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX TimeTicks
MAX-ACCESS read-only
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 26]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The number of centi-seconds of the total system's
CPU resources consumed by this process. Note that
on a multi-processor system, this value may
have been incremented by more than one centi-second
in one centi-second of real (wall clock) time."
::= { sysApplElmtRunEntry 9 }
sysApplElmtRunMemory OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Gauge32
UNITS "Kbytes"
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The total amount of real system memory measured in
Kbytes currently allocated to this process."
::= { sysApplElmtRunEntry 10 }
sysApplElmtRunNumFiles OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Gauge32
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The number of regular files currently open by the
process. Transport connections (sockets)
should NOT be included in the calculation of
this value, nor should operating system specific
special file types."
::= { sysApplElmtRunEntry 11 }
sysApplElmtRunUser OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Utf8String
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The process owner's login name (e.g. root)."
::= { sysApplElmtRunEntry 12 }
-- sysApplElmtPastRunTable
-- The sysApplElmtPastRunTable maintains a history of
-- processes which have previously executed on
-- the host as part of an application. Upon termination
-- of a process, the entry representing the process is removed from
-- the sysApplElmtRunTable and a corresponding entry is created in
-- this table provided that the process was part of an
-- identifiable application. If the process could not be associated
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 27]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
-- with an invoked application, no corresponding entry is created.
-- Hence, whereas the sysApplElmtRunTable contains an entry for
-- every process currently executing on the system, the
-- sysApplElmtPastRunTable only contains entries for processes
-- that previously executed as part of an invoked application.
--
-- Entries remain in this table until they are aged out when
-- either the number of entries in the table reaches a
-- maximum as determined by sysApplElmtPastRunMaxRows, or
-- when an entry has aged to exceed a time limit as set by
-- sysApplElmtPastRunTblTimeLimit. When aging out entries,
-- the oldest entry, as determined by the value of
-- sysApplElmtPastRunTimeEnded, will be removed first.
--
-- The table is indexed by sysApplInstallPkgIndex (from the
-- sysApplInstallPkgTable), sysApplElmtPastRunInvocID, and
-- sysApplElmtPastRunIndex to make it easy to locate all
-- previously executed processes of a particular invoked application
-- that has been installed on the system.
sysApplElmtPastRunTable OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF SysApplElmtPastRunEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The table describes the processes which have previously
executed on the host system as part of an application.
Each entry represents a process which has previously
executed and is associated with the invoked application
of which it was a part. Because an invoked application
may involve more than one executable, it is possible
to have multiple entries in this table for
each application invocation. Entries are added
to this table when the corresponding process in the
sysApplElmtRun Table terminates.
Entries remain in this table until they are aged out when
either the number of entries in the table reaches a
maximum as determined by sysApplElmtPastRunMaxRows, or
when an entry has aged to exceed a time limit as set by
sysApplElmtPastRunTblTimeLimit. When aging out entries,
the oldest entry, as determined by the value of
sysApplElmtPastRunTimeEnded, will be removed first.
The table is indexed by sysApplInstallPkgIndex (from the
sysApplInstallPkgTable), sysApplElmtPastRunInvocID,
and sysApplElmtPastRunIndex to make it easy to locate all
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 28]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
previously executed processes of a particular invoked
application that has been installed on the system."
::= { sysApplRun 4 }
sysApplElmtPastRunEntry OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SysApplElmtPastRunEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The logical row describing a process which was
previously executed on this host as part of an
installed application. The entry is basically copied
from the sysApplElmtRunTable when the process
terminates. Hence, the entry's value for
sysApplElmtPastRunIndex is the same as its value
was for sysApplElmtRunIndex. Note carefully: only those
processes which could be associated with an
identified application are included in this table."
INDEX { sysApplInstallPkgIndex, sysApplElmtPastRunInvocID,
sysApplElmtPastRunIndex }
::= { sysApplElmtPastRunTable 1 }
SysApplElmtPastRunEntry ::= SEQUENCE {
sysApplElmtPastRunInvocID Unsigned32,
sysApplElmtPastRunIndex Unsigned32,
sysApplElmtPastRunInstallID Unsigned32,
sysApplElmtPastRunTimeStarted DateAndTime,
sysApplElmtPastRunTimeEnded DateAndTime,
sysApplElmtPastRunName LongUtf8String,
sysApplElmtPastRunParameters Utf8String,
sysApplElmtPastRunCPU TimeTicks,
sysApplElmtPastRunMemory Unsigned32,
sysApplElmtPastRunNumFiles Unsigned32,
sysApplElmtPastRunUser Utf8String
}
sysApplElmtPastRunInvocID OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32 (1..'ffffffff'h)
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Part of the index for this table, this value
identifies the invocation of an application of which
the process represented by this entry was a part.
The value of this object is the same value as the
sysApplRunIndex for the corresponding application
invocation in the sysApplRunTable. If the invoked
application as a whole has terminated, it will be the
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 29]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
same as the sysApplPastRunIndex."
::= { sysApplElmtPastRunEntry 1 }
sysApplElmtPastRunIndex OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32 (0..'ffffffff'h)
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Part of the index for this table. An integer
assigned by the agent equal to the corresponding
sysApplElmtRunIndex which was removed from the
sysApplElmtRunTable and moved to this table
when the element terminated.
Note: entries in this table are indexed by
sysApplElmtPastRunInvocID, sysApplElmtPastRunIndex.
The possibility exists, though unlikely, of a
collision occurring by a new entry which was run
by the same invoked application (InvocID), and
was assigned the same process identification number
(ElmtRunIndex) as an element which was previously
run by the same invoked application.
Should this situation occur, the new entry replaces
the old entry.
See Section: 'Implementation Issues -
sysApplElmtPastRunTable Entry Collisions' for the
conditions that would have to occur in order for a
collision to occur."
::= { sysApplElmtPastRunEntry 2 }
sysApplElmtPastRunInstallID OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32 (1..'ffffffff'h)
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The index into the installed element table. The
value of this object is the same value as the
sysApplInstallElmtIndex for the application element
of which this entry represents a previously executed
process."
::= { sysApplElmtPastRunEntry 3 }
sysApplElmtPastRunTimeStarted OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX DateAndTime
MAX-ACCESS read-only
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 30]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The time the process was started."
::= { sysApplElmtPastRunEntry 4 }
sysApplElmtPastRunTimeEnded OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX DateAndTime
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The time the process ended."
::= { sysApplElmtPastRunEntry 5 }
sysApplElmtPastRunName OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX LongUtf8String
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The full path and filename of the process.
For example, '/opt/MYYpkg/bin/myyproc' would
be returned for process 'myyproc' whose execution
path was '/opt/MYYpkg/bin/myyproc'."
::= { sysApplElmtPastRunEntry 6 }
sysApplElmtPastRunParameters OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Utf8String
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The starting parameters for the process."
::= { sysApplElmtPastRunEntry 7 }
sysApplElmtPastRunCPU OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX TimeTicks
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The last known number of centi-seconds of the total
system's CPU resources consumed by this process.
Note that on a multi-processor system, this value may
increment by more than one centi-second in one
centi-second of real (wall clock) time."
::= { sysApplElmtPastRunEntry 8 }
sysApplElmtPastRunMemory OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32 (0..'ffffffff'h)
UNITS "Kbytes"
MAX-ACCESS read-only
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 31]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The last known total amount of real system memory
measured in Kbytes allocated to this process before it
terminated."
::= { sysApplElmtPastRunEntry 9 }
sysApplElmtPastRunNumFiles OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32 (0..'ffffffff'h)
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The last known number of files open by the
process before it terminated. Transport
connections (sockets) should NOT be included in
the calculation of this value."
::= { sysApplElmtPastRunEntry 10 }
sysApplElmtPastRunUser OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Utf8String
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The process owner's login name (e.g. root)."
::= { sysApplElmtPastRunEntry 11 }
-- Additional Scalar objects to control table sizes
sysApplPastRunMaxRows OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32 (0..'ffffffff'h)
MAX-ACCESS read-write
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The maximum number of entries allowed in the
sysApplPastRunTable. Once the number of rows in
the sysApplPastRunTable reaches this value, the
management subsystem will remove the oldest entry
in the table to make room for the new entry to be added.
Entries will be removed on the basis of oldest
sysApplPastRunTimeEnded value first.
This object may be used to control the amount of
system resources that can used for sysApplPastRunTable
entries. A conforming implementation should attempt
to support the default value, however, a lesser value
may be necessary due to implementation-dependent issues
and resource availability."
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 32]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
DEFVAL { 500 }
::= { sysApplRun 5 }
sysApplPastRunTableRemItems OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter32
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"A counter of the number of entries removed from
the sysApplPastRunTable because of table size limitations
as set in sysApplPastRunMaxRows. This counter is the
number of entries the management subsystem has had to
remove in order to make room for new entries (so as not
to exceed the limit set by sysApplPastRunMaxRows) since
the last initialization of the management subsystem."
::= { sysApplRun 6 }
sysApplPastRunTblTimeLimit OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32 (0..'ffffffff'h)
UNITS "seconds"
MAX-ACCESS read-write
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The maximum time in seconds which an entry in the
sysApplPastRunTable may exist before it is removed.
Any entry that is older than this value will be
removed (aged out) from the table.
Note that an entry may be aged out prior to reaching
this time limit if it is the oldest entry in the
table and must be removed to make space for a new
entry so as to not exceed sysApplPastRunMaxRows."
DEFVAL { 7200 }
::= { sysApplRun 7 }
sysApplElemPastRunMaxRows OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32 (0..'ffffffff'h)
MAX-ACCESS read-write
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The maximum number of entries allowed in the
sysApplElmtPastRunTable. Once the number of rows in
the sysApplElmtPastRunTable reaches this value,
the management subsystem will remove the oldest entry
to make room for the new entry to be added. Entries
will be removed on the basis of oldest
sysApplElmtPastRunTimeEnded value first.
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 33]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
This object may be used to control the amount of
system resources that can used for sysApplElemPastRunTable
entries. A conforming implementation should attempt
to support the default value, however, a lesser value
may be necessary due to implementation-dependent issues
and resource availability."
DEFVAL { 500 }
::= { sysApplRun 8 }
sysApplElemPastRunTableRemItems OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter32
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"A counter of the number of entries removed from the
sysApplElemPastRunTable because of table size limitations
as set in sysApplElemPastRunMaxRows. This counter is the
number of entries the management subsystem has had to
remove in order to make room for new entries (so as not
to exceed the limit set by sysApplElemPastRunMaxRows) since
the last initialization of the management subsystem."
::= { sysApplRun 9 }
sysApplElemPastRunTblTimeLimit OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32 (0..'ffffffff'h)
UNITS "seconds"
MAX-ACCESS read-write
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The maximum time in seconds which an entry in the
sysApplElemPastRunTable may exist before it is removed.
Any entry that is older than this value will be
removed (aged out) from the table.
Note that an entry may be aged out prior to reaching
this time limit if it is the oldest entry in the
table and must be removed to make space for a new
entry so as to not exceed sysApplElemPastRunMaxRows."
DEFVAL { 7200 }
::= { sysApplRun 10 }
sysApplAgentPollInterval OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32 (0..'ffffffff'h)
UNITS "seconds"
MAX-ACCESS read-write
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The minimum interval in seconds that the management
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 34]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
subsystem implementing this MIB will poll the status
of the managed resources. Because of the non-trivial
effort involved in polling the managed resources,
and because the method for obtaining the status of
the managed resources is implementation-dependent,
a conformant implementation may chose a lower bound
greater than 0.
A value of 0 indicates that there is no delay
in the passing of information from the managed
resources to the agent."
DEFVAL { 60 }
::= { sysApplRun 11 }
-- sysApplMap Group
-- This group contains a table, the sysApplMapTable,
-- whose sole purpose is to provide a 'backwards'
-- mapping so that, given a known sysApplElmtRunIndex
-- (process identification number), the corresponding invoked
-- application (sysApplRunIndex), installed element
-- (sysApplInstallElmtIndex), and installed application
-- package (sysApplInstallPkgIndex) can be quickly determined.
--
-- The table will contain one entry for each process
-- currently running on the system.
--
-- A backwards mapping is extremely useful since the tables
-- in this MIB module are typically indexed with the
-- installed application package (sysApplInstallPkgIndex)
-- as the primary key, and on down as required by the
-- specific table, with the process ID number (sysApplElmtRunIndex)
-- being the least significant key.
--
-- It is expected that management applications will use
-- this mapping table by doing a 'GetNext' operation with
-- the known process ID number (sysApplElmtRunIndex) as the partial
-- instance identifier. Assuming that there is an entry for
-- the process, the result should return a single columnar value,
-- the sysApplMapInstallPkgIndex, with the sysApplElmtRunIndex,
-- sysApplRunIndex, and sysApplInstallElmtIndex contained in the
-- instance identifier for the returned MIB object value.
--
-- NOTE: if the process can not be associated back to an
-- invoked application installed on the system, then the
-- value returned for the columnar value sysApplMapInstallPkgIndex
-- will be '0' and the instance portion of the object-identifier
-- will be the process ID number (sysApplElmtRunIndex) followed
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 35]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
-- by 0.0.
sysApplMapTable OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF SysApplMapEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The sole purpose of this table is to provide a
'backwards' mapping so that, given a known
sysApplElmtRunIndex (process identification number),
the corresponding invoked application (sysApplRunIndex),
installed element (sysApplInstallElmtIndex), and
installed application package (sysApplInstallPkgIndex)
can be quickly determined.
This table will contain one entry for each process
that is currently executing on the system.
It is expected that management applications will use
this mapping table by doing a 'GetNext' operation with
the known process ID number (sysApplElmtRunIndex) as the
partial instance identifier. Assuming that there is an
entry for the process, the result should return a single
columnar value, the sysApplMapInstallPkgIndex, with the
sysApplElmtRunIndex, sysApplRunIndex, and
sysApplInstallElmtIndex contained in the instance identifier
for the returned MIB object value.
NOTE: if the process can not be associated back to an
invoked application installed on the system, then the
value returned for the columnar value
sysApplMapInstallPkgIndex will be '0' and the instance
portion of the object-identifier will be the process ID
number (sysApplElmtRunIndex) followed by 0.0."
::= { sysApplMap 1 }
sysApplMapEntry OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SysApplMapEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"A logical row representing a process currently running
on the system. This entry provides the index mapping from
process identifier, back to the invoked application,
installed element, and finally, the installed application
package. The entry includes only one accessible columnar
object, the sysApplMapInstallPkgIndex, but the
invoked application and installed element can be
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 36]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
determined from the instance identifier since they form
part of the index clause."
INDEX { sysApplElmtRunIndex, sysApplElmtRunInvocID,
sysApplMapInstallElmtIndex }
::= { sysApplMapTable 1 }
SysApplMapEntry ::= SEQUENCE {
sysApplMapInstallElmtIndex Unsigned32,
sysApplMapInstallPkgIndex Unsigned32
}
sysApplMapInstallElmtIndex OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32 (0..'ffffffff'h)
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The index into the sysApplInstallElmtTable. The
value of this object is the same value as the
sysApplInstallElmtIndex for the application element
of which this entry represents a running instance.
If this process cannot be associated to an installed
executable, the value should be '0'."
::= { sysApplMapEntry 1 }
sysApplMapInstallPkgIndex OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32 (0..'ffffffff'h)
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The value of this object identifies the installed
software package for the application of which this
process is a part. Provided that the process's 'parent'
application can be determined, the value of this object
is the same value as the sysApplInstallPkgIndex for the
entry in the sysApplInstallPkgTable that corresponds
to the installed application of which this process
is a part.
If, however, the 'parent' application cannot be
determined, (for example the process is not part
of a particular installed application), the value
for this object is then '0', signifying that this
process cannot be related back to an application,
and in turn, an installed software package."
::= { sysApplMapEntry 2 }
-- Conformance Macros
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 37]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
sysApplMIBCompliances OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { sysApplConformance 1 }
sysApplMIBGroups OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { sysApplConformance 2 }
sysApplMIBCompliance MODULE-COMPLIANCE
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Describes the requirements for conformance to
the System Application MIB"
MODULE -- this module
MANDATORY-GROUPS { sysApplInstalledGroup,
sysApplRunGroup, sysApplMapGroup }
::= { sysApplMIBCompliances 1 }
sysApplInstalledGroup OBJECT-GROUP
OBJECTS { sysApplInstallPkgManufacturer,
sysApplInstallPkgProductName,
sysApplInstallPkgVersion,
sysApplInstallPkgSerialNumber,
sysApplInstallPkgDate,
sysApplInstallPkgLocation,
sysApplInstallElmtName,
sysApplInstallElmtType,
sysApplInstallElmtDate,
sysApplInstallElmtPath,
sysApplInstallElmtSizeHigh,
sysApplInstallElmtSizeLow,
sysApplInstallElmtRole,
sysApplInstallElmtModifyDate,
sysApplInstallElmtCurSizeHigh,
sysApplInstallElmtCurSizeLow }
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The system application installed group contains
information about applications and their constituent
components which have been installed on the host system."
::= { sysApplMIBGroups 1 }
sysApplRunGroup OBJECT-GROUP
OBJECTS { sysApplRunStarted,
sysApplRunCurrentState,
sysApplPastRunStarted,
sysApplPastRunExitState,
sysApplPastRunTimeEnded,
sysApplElmtRunInstallID,
sysApplElmtRunTimeStarted,
sysApplElmtRunState,
sysApplElmtRunName,
sysApplElmtRunParameters,
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 38]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
sysApplElmtRunCPU,
sysApplElmtRunMemory,
sysApplElmtRunNumFiles,
sysApplElmtRunUser,
sysApplElmtPastRunInstallID,
sysApplElmtPastRunTimeStarted,
sysApplElmtPastRunTimeEnded,
sysApplElmtPastRunName,
sysApplElmtPastRunParameters,
sysApplElmtPastRunCPU,
sysApplElmtPastRunMemory,
sysApplElmtPastRunNumFiles,
sysApplElmtPastRunUser,
sysApplPastRunMaxRows,
sysApplPastRunTableRemItems,
sysApplPastRunTblTimeLimit,
sysApplElemPastRunMaxRows,
sysApplElemPastRunTableRemItems,
sysApplElemPastRunTblTimeLimit,
sysApplAgentPollInterval }
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The system application run group contains information
about applications and associated elements which have
run or are currently running on the host system."
::= { sysApplMIBGroups 2 }
sysApplMapGroup OBJECT-GROUP
OBJECTS { sysApplMapInstallPkgIndex }
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The Map Group contains a single table, sysApplMapTable,
that provides a backwards mapping for determining the
invoked application, installed element, and installed
application package given a known process identification
number."
::= { sysApplMIBGroups 3 }
END
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 39]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
7. Implementation Issues
This section discusses implementation issues that are important for
both an agent developer, and a management application developer or
user to understand with regards to this MIB module. Although this
section does not attempt to prescribe a particular implementation
strategy, it does attempt to recognize some of the real world
limitations that could effect an implementation of this MIB module.
7.1. Implementation with Polling Agents
Implementations of the System Application MIB on popular operating
systems might require some considerable processing power to obtain
status information from the managed resources. It might also be
difficult to determine when an application or a process starts or
finishes. Implementors of this MIB might therefore choose an
implementation approach where the agent polls the managed resources
at regular intervals. The information retrieved by every poll is used
to update a cached version of this MIB maintained inside of the
agent. SNMP request are processed based on the information found in
this MIB cache.
A scalar sysApplAgentPollInterval is defined to give the manager
control over the polling frequency. There is a trade- off between the
amount of resources consumed during every poll to update the MIB
cache, and the accuracy of the information provided by the System
Application MIB agent. A default value of 60 seconds is defined to
keep the processing overhead low, while providing usable information
for long-lived processes. A manager is expected to adjust this value
if more accurate information about short-lived applications or
processes is needed, or if the amount of resources consumed by the
agent is too high.
7.2. sysApplElmtPastRunTable Entry Collisions
The sysApplElmtPastRunTable maintains a history of processes which
have previously executed on the host as part of an application.
Information is moved from the sysApplElmtRunTable to this PastRun
table when the process represented by the entry terminates.
The sysApplElmtPastRunTable is indexed by the tuple,
(sysApplElmtPastRunInvocID, sysApplElmtPastRunIndex), where the first
part identifies the application invocation of which the process was a
part, and the second part identifies the process itself.
Recall that the sysApplElmtRunIndex represents the system's unique
identification number assigned to a running process and that this
value is mapped to sysApplElmtPastRunIndex when the process
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 40]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
terminates and the entry's information is moved from the
sysApplElmtRunTable to the sysApplElmtPastRunTable. Many systems
re-use process ID numbers which are no longer assigned to running
processes; typically, the process numbers wrap and the next available
process number is used.
It is therefore possible for two entries in the sysApplElmtPastRun
Table to have the same value for sysApplElmtPastRunIndex. For this
reason, entries in the ElmtPastRun table are indexed by the tuple
sysApplElmtPastRunInvocID, sysApplElmtPastRunIndex to reduce the
chance of a collision by two past run elements with the same
sysApplElmtPastRunIndex.
However, it is still possible, though unlikely, for a collision to
occur if the following happens:
1) the invoked application (identified by InvocID), has an
element which runs, terminates, and is moved into the
sysApplElmtPastRun table (index: InvocID, RunIndex)
2) the numbers used for the system's process identification
numbering wrap
3) that same invoked application (same InvocID), has another
element process run, AND that process is assigned the same
identification number as one of the processes previously run by
that invoked application (same RunIndex), and finally,
4) that element process terminates and is moved to the
sysApplElmtPastRun table prior to the old, duplicate (InvocID,
RunIndex) entry being aged out of the table by settings defined
for sysApplElmtPastRunMaxRows and
sysApplElmtPastRunTblTimeLimit.
In the event that a collision occurs, the new entry will replace the
old entry.
8. Security Considerations
In order to implement this MIB, an agent must make certain management
information available about various logical and physical entities
within a managed system which may be considered sensitive in some
network environments.
Therefore, a network administrator may wish to employ instance-level
access control, and configure the access mechanism (i.e., community
strings in SNMPv1 and SNMPv2C), such that certain instances within
this MIB are excluded from particular MIB views.
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 41]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
9. Acknowledgements
This document was produced by the Application MIB working group.
Special acknowledgement is made to:
Rick Sturm
Enterprise Management Professional Services, Inc.
sturm@emi-summit.com
For hosting the working group mailing list, and for his
participation in the development of the initial draft.
Jon Weinstock
General Instrument Corporation
jweinstock@gic.gi.com
For his participation in the development of the initial drafts
and for serving as editor for drafts 1 and 2.
The editor would like to extend special thanks to the
following working group members for their contributions
to this effort.
Harald Alvestrand, George Best, Ian Hanson, Harrie
Hazewinkel, Carl Kalbfleisch, Bobby Krupczak, Randy
Presuhn, Jon Saperia, Juergen Schoenwaelder
11. Author's Address
Cheryl Krupczak
Empire Technologies, Inc.
541 Tenth Street, NW Suite 169
Atlanta, GA 30318
Phone: 770.384.0184
EMail: cheryl@empiretech.com
Jonathan Saperia
BGS Systems Inc.
saperia@networks.bgs.com
12. References
[1] Information processing systems - Open Systems
Interconnection - Specification of Abstract Syntax
Notation One (ASN.1), International Organization for
Standardization. International Standard 8824, (December,
1987).
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 42]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
[2] SNMPv2 Working Group, Case, J., McCloghrie, K., Rose, M.,
and S. Waldbusser, "Structure of Management Information
for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol
(SNMPv2)", RFC 1902, January 1996.
[3] SNMPv2 Working Group, Case, J., McCloghrie, K., Rose, M.,
and S. Waldbusser, "Textual Conventions for Version 2 of
the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2)", RFC
1903, January 1996.
[4] SNMPv2 Working Group, Case, J., McCloghrie, K., Rose, M.,
and S. Waldbusser, "Conformance Statements for Version 2
of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2)", RFC
1904, January 1996.
[5] SNMPv2 Working Group, Case, J., McCloghrie, K., Rose, M.,
and S. Waldbusser, "Protocol Operations for Version 2 of
the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2)", RFC
1905, January 1996.
[6] SNMPv2 Working Group, Case, J., McCloghrie, K., Rose, M.,
and S. Waldbusser, "Transport Mappings for SNMPv2", RFC
1906, January 1996.
[7] SNMPv2 Working Group, Case, J., McCloghrie, K., Rose, M.,
and S. Waldbusser, "Management Information Base for
Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol
(SNMPv2)", RFC 1907, January 1996.
[8] SNMPv2 Working Group, Case, J., McCloghrie, K., Rose, M.,
and S. Waldbusser, "Coexistence between Version 1 and
Version 2 of the Internet-standard Network Management
Framework", RFC 1908, January 1996.
[9] Grillo, P., and S. Waldbusser, "Host Resources MIB", RFC 1514,
September 1993.
[10] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of Unicode
and ISO 10646", RFC 2044, October 1996.
[11] Krupczak, C., and S. Waldbusser, "Applicability of Host
Resources MIB to Application Management", Application MIB
working group report, October 1995.
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 43]
RFC 2287 MIB for Applications February 1998
12. Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998). All Rights Reserved.
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
English.
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Krupczak & Saperia Standards Track [Page 44]
|
